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听了Jane老师的精彩讲课后，大家一定不过瘾，Jane老师本次课程是精讲了整篇文章的部分节选及其中的一道题，对于Ice Core的话题，同学们一定要在课后进行扩展练习。

现在Jane老师特别将完整的文章原文和题目公布出来，供同学们练习。同学们可以在喜马拉雅平台给Jane老师留言，本题的答案也要在喜马拉雅后台获取哦。

托福阅读真题Ice Core话题

Variations in the Climate

One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected，and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.

Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals，the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.

第二段:讲了埃及的经济基础为农业以及埃及通过其他方式增强国力:尼罗河4-10月受大西洋暖湿气流的影响,10-4月首来自非洲干燥季风的影响,孕育出了发达的河谷农业,随着农业的发展,政治、贸易制度逐步建立,埃及人利用尼罗河来进行商业活动以及。

Over long periods of time，substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime，sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally，the layering occurs on an annual basis，hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature，rainfall，and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap，calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe，ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean，ice cores from Peruvian glaciers，and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale，there are nonetheless some intriguing differences，which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.

What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking，however，is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10，000 years (the Holocene period).

To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability，it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere，the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans，changes in the land surfaces，and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity，solar activity，and，possibly，human activities.

One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.

In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself，there is the added factor of external influences，such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries，but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.

Paragraph 1

One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected，and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.

1. According to paragraph 1，which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate?

2019托福考试真题及答案，○The major changes in climate over the past millennia

○The degree to which the climate varies naturally

○The best method for measuring climatic change

○The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climate

Paragraph 2

2. According to paragraph 2，an advantage of proxy records over instrumental records is that

○they are more-reliable measures of climatic variability in the past century

○they provide more-accurate measures of local temperatures

○they reveal information about the human impact on the climate

Paragraph 3

Over long periods of time，substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime，sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally，the layering occurs on an annual basis，hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature，rainfall，and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap，calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe，ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean，ice cores from Peruvian glaciers，and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale，there are nonetheless some intriguing differences，which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentencein the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging，they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.

2019年的最后一场托福考试，已经顺利结束了，大家考得怎么样呢？来跟着的我一起看一看2019年12月21日托福口语考试真题答案。TASK1 Should parents discourage children fromchoosing some career which might be very competitive。

○For hundreds or thousands of years，people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.

○Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.

○studying regional differences in temperature variations

○studying and dating changes in the properties of substances

○observing changes in present day climate conditions

○inferring past climate shifts from observations of current climatic changes

Paragraph 4

What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking，however，is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10，000 years (the Holocene period).

5. The word “striking” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○noticeable

○confusing

○true

○unlikely

Paragraph 3

Over long periods of time，substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime，sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally，the layering occurs on an annual basis，hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature，rainfall，and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap，calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe，ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean，ice cores from Peruvian glaciers，and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale，there are nonetheless some intriguing differences，which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other.

Paragraph 4

What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking，however，is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene period).

6. According to paragraphs 3 and 4，proxy data have suggested all of the following about the climate EXCEPT:

○Regional climates may change overtime.

○The climate has changed very little in the past 10，000 years.

○Global temperatures vary more than regional temperatures.

○Important natural changes in climate have occurred over large timescales.

Paragraph 5

To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability，it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere，the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans，changes in the land surfaces，and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity，solar activity，and，possibly，human activities.

7. The word “erratic” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○dramatic

○important

○unpredictable

○common

8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT

○atmospheric changes

○the slow movement of landmasses

○fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow

○changes in ocean activity

比如一个地方食物很多,足够养活很多猩猩的话,那这些小分队又会聚拢到一起。说某一种灵长类动物,也会以这种方式聚拢,只是我们不太能够观察到(考点问为什么要说这个,答案应该就是支持作者关于灵长类动物无论什么种类都有根据特定地区食物。

Paragraph 6

One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.

9. According to paragraph 6，which of the following is true of computer models of the global climate?

○The information they produce is still limited.

○They are currently most useful in understanding past climatic behaviors.

○They allow researchers to interpret the data obtained from proxy records.

○They do not provide information about regional climates.

Paragraph 7

In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself，there is the added factor of external influences，such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries，but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.

10. The word“deliberations” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○records

只有基础语法的准确度提升上来，整体的口语才有可能达到good的标准。2019年12月21日托福阅读真题回忆及参考答案 P1 中亚国家和Silk Road 难度：中等 主要内容为Sogdian人丝绸之路上的作用，并且通过时间发展的主线描述了该族群的。

○discussions

托福考试几乎是每个出国留学的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福口语考试真题及答案。Task 1：Your friend has a bicycle， but now he wants to change it into a 。

○results

○ variations

11. The word “invoked” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○demonstrated

○called upon

○supported

○expected

12. What is the author's purpose in presenting the information in paragraph 7?

○To compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system

○To indicate that there are other types of influences on climate variability in addition to those previously discussed

○To explain how external influences on climate variability differ from internal influences

○To argue that the rapid warming of Earth in recent decades cannot be explained

Paragraph 7

In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself，there is the added factor of external influences，such as volcanoes and solar activity. ■There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. ■Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. ■Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries，but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.■

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Indeed，the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14．【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提。

A number of different and complex factors influence changes in the global climate over long periods of time.

●

●

●

Answer choices

○In the absence of instrumental records，proxy data allow scientists to infer information about past climates.

○Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.

○Computer models are used to estimate how the different causes of climate variability combine to account for the climate variability that occurs.

○Scientists have successfully separated natural climate variation from changes related to human activities.

○Scientists believe that activities outside the global climate system，such as volcanoes and solar activity may have significant effects on the system.

○Scientists have concluded that human activity accounts for the rapid global warming in recent decades.

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