Lesson 21 Books or Computers?
第21课 书还是电脑？
1.The history of books is very interesting.书的历史很有趣。
In ancient times，there were no books，and people passed on their knowledge by telling stories.
在远古时代，没有书，人们通过讲故事来传播知识。
Later，people learned how to write and make paper.
后来，人们学会了写字及造纸。
With paper，people began to write down their stories.有了纸，人们开始把他们的故事写下来。
They wrote each word by hand.
他们用手写下每个字。
It took a long time to write just one book!写完一本书需要花费很长的时间！
1.1In ancient times在古代
1.2time表示时间，为不可数名词，不能加s；表示次数，倍数，为可数名词，复数形式要加s，但当它表示“时代”时也是可数名词。
1.3pass on 传递
pass on sth. to sb.=pass sth. on to sb.把某物传递给某人。
1.4by telling stories通过讲故事。
第四题前面有couldn't be ,因为can be是“可能是”的意思，所以can't be 就应该是不可能，C.impossible就是“不可能”，答案应该是C 第一题当中D的意思是“刚刚开始使用”，文章中有提到“机场是许多年前建的”“它。
结构为介词+动名词短语。
by hand依靠手写；用手。
1.5 learned how to write and make paper学会了如何写作和造纸。其中how to write and make paper结构为“疑问词+动词不定式”，在句中作宾语。
1.6make paper造纸。注意paper是不可数名词。
1.7with paper用纸。
1.8in，by with区别
with后接表示行为动作的具体工具；by后接表示动作的手段，如交通工具；in表示方式的时候，常常表示使用某种语言或文字，或用某种材料。①with＋有形的具体工具
See with your eyes and listen with your ears. 用眼看，用耳听。
Cut it with scissors. 用剪刀剪。
②by＋交通工具或手段
by ship/bus/car 乘船、坐公交，乘车、坐飞机
by air/land/sea 坐飞机、经陆路、海路
They contact with each other by letter. 他们用书信彼此联系。
by hand用手。
③in＋语言或材料
The letter was written in French. 那封信是用法语写的。
I wrote the letter in ink. 我用钢笔写的那封信。
1.9write down记下；写下，结构为动词+副词。
1.10It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人一些时间。
2.Then，the printing press appeared and changed the world.
然后，印刷机出现了，并改变了世界。
With modern technology，it was possible to print books quickly.
有了现代技术，快速印刷书本变得可行。
It was also possible for common people to read books.
让普通人读书也成为可能。
2.1the printing press印刷机；印刷术。
2.2appear用法
2.2.1appear v.显得，看起来，好像
此时appear是系动词，常后接形容词等。
①appear +adj.看起来....…
She appears happy.
她看起来高兴。
Lisa appeared calm and relaxed on the stage.
The writer is slowly going mad.He lives near an airport.Passing planes can be heard night and day.Most of his neighbours have left their homes.He has been offered money to leave.He determined to stay here。
丽莎在舞台上看起来平静和放松。
②appear to do sth.看起来在做某事
She appears to be happy.
她看起来高兴。
The necklace appeared to be expensive.那条项链看起来昂贵。
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He appeared to understand the question.他看起来理解那个问题。
She appeared to know the whole story.她看起来知道整件事。
She appears a strange girl.
她看起来是一个奇怪的女孩。
③拓展：it appears (that)+句子
用于表达自己认为的想法
It appears that she hasn't lied.
看起来她没有撒谎。
It appears that they have just left.
看起来他们刚刚离开。
④拓展：there appears to be...
用于表达自己认为的想法
There appears to be something wrong with the washing machine.
好像洗衣机出问题了。
2.2.2appear v.出现
appear + at/in/from等介词
A bird suddenly appeared at the window.一只鸟突然出现在窗户。
A little dog appeared from behind the gate.大门后面出现一条小狗。
The sun appeared above the horizon.太阳出现在水平线上方。
2.3With modern technology有了现代技术，或者“伴随着现代科技”。
2.4It's possible(for sb.) to do sth.(对于某人)干某事成为可能。
2.5common people普通人。
3.Recently，computers and the Internet changed the world again.
最近，电脑和因特网再次改变了世界。
A new kind of book appeared:the electronic book(e-book).
一种新型的书出现了：电子书（e-book）。
E-books are quickly changing people's reading habits.
电子书快速的改变着人们的阅读习惯。
It is easier for people to buy and sell books online.
人们在网络上买书和卖书更加方便。
Information travels faster and farther.信息传播得更快更远。
3.1the electronic book=e-book电子书。e-book的复数形式为e-books。
3.2change one's habits改变某人习惯。
3.3It is easier for sb. to do sth.对某人来说干某事更加容易。
3.4Information travels faster and farther.信息传播得更快更远。
①information信息，为不可数名词。
②比较级+and+比较级是形
容词比较级句型里常用的一种，意为“越来越……”。比如
bigger and bigger
richer and richer
fatter and fatter
darker and darker
如遇到多音节形容词，则需用“more and more+形容词原级”。
③farther是far的比较级形式，基本意思是“更远的”，指实际的空间上和时间上的距离，可译为“距离更远”。在用法上可用作定语或表语，常修饰动态动词，也可与介词或副词连用。
The nearer the church，the farther from God.
离教堂越近，离上帝越远。
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further是far的比较级形式之一，主要指程度上“进一步”，英式英语中也可表示距离。多用作定语，间或用作表语。
We shall furnish you with further data.我们将向你们提供更多的数据。
Curiosity has incited him to go into further investigation.
好奇心激励他做进一步的调查研究。
4.Nowadays，people have many ways to read books.如今，人们有很多方式来读书。
4.1Nowadays
①用作副词，表示“现在”；“如今”，由于词义的原因，通常与一般现在时连用，且多用于句首或句末作状语。如：
Nowadays children are much healthier.现今孩子们比过去健康。
It's difficult to get into a university nowadays.如今进大学读书是难事。
从含义上看，该词往往具有与过去相比较的意味。
②有时放在名词后作定语。比较：
Nowadays children have more pocket money.如今，孩子们有更多的零用钱。
Children nowadays have more pocket money.现在的孩子有更多的零用钱。
③由于是作副词，而不是名词，所以不要在其前误加in，at等介词。
4.2have many ways to do sth.有许多方式去干某事。
4.3“ No matter +疑问词”意为“无论……”、“不论……”，用来引导让步状语从句。
①no matter意为“不管；无论”，是从属连词。其后常接疑问词what，which，who，whom，where，whos e，when，how等，用来引导让步状语从句。从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。no mater what"无论什么”；no matter which“无论哪一个”。what、which在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
②no matter what/whose/which修饰名词时，该名词必须紧跟其后；no matter how修饰形容词或副词时，该形容词或副词也必须紧跟其后。
No matter how hard he works，he find it difficult to make ends meet.无论他多么努力工作，却总是入不敷出。
③词组no matter可独立成句，也可在句中担当成分。如：
No matter! 不要紧！
No matter，I'll go myself. 不碍事，我自个儿去。
词组no matter在it作形式主语、真正主语位于句末的句子中作表语。如：It is no matter that he didn't phone.他没打电话没关系。
no matter与疑问词who，what，where，when，how，if，whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”。
4.4keep on doing sth.“继续做某事，坚持做某事”，表示动作的反复，强调动作与动作之间有间隔。而keep doing sth.表示“一直做某事”，强调动作的连续性。
5.This is a modern printing press.
It can make thousands of books a day.这是一台现代印刷机。它一天能生产数以千计的书。
Which invention do you think is more important - the printing press or the Internet?你认为哪种发明更加重要？印刷机还是网络？
5.1thousands of 几千，成千上万。
6.Did you know that China was the first to invent paper? 你知道中国是第一个发明纸的(国家)吗？
Paper was invented during the Han Dynasty. 纸发明于汉代。
Paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient China.
纸是中国古代四大发明之一。
The other three inventions are the compass，printing press and gunpowder.其他三项发明是:指南针、印刷机和火药。
6.1be the first to do sth.是第一个干某事。
6.2the Han Dynasty汉代。
6.3the four great inventions of ancient China. 中国古代四大发明
6.4one of用法
①one of +代词宾格或名词复数
如：one of them
one of the students
②one of 短语做主语，谓语动词用单数
One of them is good at math.
④one of +the+形容词最高级+名词复数
one of the longest rivers
但是要注意下面的定语从句：
定语从句修饰the boys。
He is the only one of the boys who enjoys playing basketball.
one前面有定词the的时候，定语从句是修饰one的，所以动词要用单三形式。
6.5记住这四个词:paper，the compass，printing press and gunpowder.
