高考延期一个月，同学们有更充分的时间备考了，快来牢牢的夯实基础吧。今天，给大家带来的是2020年高考英语精选考点专项突破：冠词和名词。
专题01 冠词和名词
I.单项填空
1.【2019·江苏卷】26.Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
2.【2019·天津卷】7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.
A. statement B. impact
C. impression D. judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement“陈述说明”；impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”；impression“印象，感想”；judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。
3.【2018·天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A. advice B. order
C. possibility D. invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。
点睛：本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。
4.【2018·江苏】32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.
A. assignment B. association
C. acquisition D. assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment分配；B. association交往；C. acquisition获得；D. assumption假设。故选D。
点睛：本题考查名词辨析。名词考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题抓住句中的关键词actually happening实际发生和instead of而不是，可知是假设，从而选出正确答案。
5.【2016·天津】10. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight.
A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance
【答案】D
【解析】试题分析：句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。
考点：考查名词辨析。
6.【2016·浙江】2.______prize for the winner of the competition is ______two-week holiday in Paris.
A. The ; 不填 B. A ; 不填 C. A ; the D. The ; a
【答案】D
【解析】句意：这个比赛获胜者的奖品是一个巴黎的两个星期的假期。第一空填the，是特指“获胜者的奖品”，用定冠词，第二空是泛指“一个两周的假期”，用不定冠词a。故选A。
7．【2015·四川卷】 Brian is gifted in writing music； he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.
A． a B． an
C． the D．不填
【答案】A
【解析】此处表示“下一个贝多芬”，应使用不定冠词。句意：布赖恩在谱曲上有天赋，他很可能成为下一个贝多芬。
【考点定位】考查冠词。
【名师点睛】考查冠词。冠词是高考英语中的难点和重点，考生在冠词试题上失分较多，主要是缺乏语感，对一些知识点掌握不够透彻。本题中首先根据Beethoven排除选项B，因为不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。通常情况下人名前是不加冠词的，但是如果指一个像某个名人的人时，在这个人名前加不定冠词。
8. 【2015·陕西卷】________more learned a man is，________ more modest he usually becomes.
A. The; the B. A; a
C. The; a D. A; the
【答案】A
【解析】此处冠词构成“the ＋比较级…， the ＋比较级…”句型，表示“越……就越……”。故选A。句意：一个人学的东西越多，他就会越谦虚。
考查冠词。
9．【2015·浙江卷】 Jane&39;s book for many years，but one thing or another always got in ________ way.
A. a; / B. the; the
C. /; the D. a; the
【答案】D
【解析】句意：简的奶奶很多年来一直想写一本(关于)孩子的书，但总是被这事或那事耽搁了。第一空a children&39;s book的相关信息。
10. 【2015·重庆卷】I just heard________ bank where Dora works was robbed by________ gunman wearing a mask.
A. the; /B. a; /C. the; aD. a; the
【答案】C
【解析】考查冠词。句意：我刚刚听说朵拉工作的那家银行被一个带面具的持枪人给抢劫。第一个空表示朵拉工作的那家银行，可知表示特指，用the；第二空表示一个带面具的持枪人表示泛指，用a。
II.语法填空
1.【2019·新课标I卷】Of ___69___ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.
【答案】the
I am xx＇s fans.
【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。
2.【2019·浙江卷】Everybody wears___57___ same style of clothes.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。
3. 【2019·新课标II卷】When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was___69___ joke.
【答案】a
【解析】a 考查冠词。根据前面We don't have any idea who put grandma forward我们不知道谁提名了祖母，以及she was short-listed接到电话说她入围了，开始我们以为这是一个玩笑，a joke一个玩笑，故填a。
4.【2019·全国I】In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a ___66___ (believe) that populations are increasing.
【答案】belief
【解析】考查词性转换。由其前不定冠词和其后that引导的同位语从句可知，空格处需填名词形式。故填belief。
5. 【2019·全国III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ___66___(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.
【答案】competition
【解析】考查词性转换。形容词interesting应该修饰名词，而且空前有不定冠词an，故填单数名词competition。
爱探险的朵拉用英语怎么说，6. 【2019·浙江6】Other American studies showed no ___64___(connect) between uniforms and school performance.
【答案】connection/connections
【解析】考查名词。根据no可知，后面需要connect的名词形式，语意表示“联系、连接”，故填connection/connections。
7. 【2019·北京】No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various___6___(activity) on Earth Day. You can plant a tree，make a meal with locally grown vegetables，or save power—the possibilities are endless.
【答案】activities
【解析】考查名词的复数形式，因为前面的形容词是various“各种各样的”，因此用名词的复数形式activities。
8.【2018·全国II】Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011，the country has grown more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。
10.【2018·全国I】 Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ___67___(cause).
【答案】causes
11. 【2018·全国II】This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
【答案】pollution
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
12. 【2018·全国III】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
【答案】scientist
【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist科学家。
13. 【2018·浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese ___56___(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。
14. 【2018·浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ___64___(weigh) problems.
【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。
15.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】As 65.________ result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。固定短语as a result表示“结果是”。结果是，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。故填a。
16.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over 64.________ top.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处特指铁轨上方的顶部工程。
17.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She looks like any other schoolgirl，freshfaced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new Alevel course. But unlike her school friends，16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting. Instead，she is earning￡6，500 a day as 62.________ model in New York.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知，萨拉只是纽约众多模特中的一个，是泛指；而且model的第一个音素是辅音音素，故用不定冠词a。
18.【2017·浙江卷6月考】For Pahlsson，its return was 65.________ wonder.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。此处a wonder表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要不定冠词a。
19.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt. This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side 62.________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查名词复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是“一些意料之外的副作用”，根据前文的some可知副作用有很多，故填effects。
20.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61.________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
【答案】crowds
【解析】考查名词复数。伦敦人口众多，导致路面交通拥堵，于是修建地铁。用crowds这一复数形式，表示不断涌现的人群，用来形容人口稠密。
21. 【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】This development was only possible with the 69.________ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.
I'm your fan 好像现在人人都有这么一句口头禅，“我是你的粉丝”，很多小伙伴们都会直接用英文把它说成：I'm your fans.（X）有小伙伴就很纳闷，为什么这样说不对呢？那咱们就仔细来分析一下吧！fan -- n. 爱好。
【答案】introduction
【解析】考查名词。该词在此作with的宾语，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后带有介词of，故只能用introduction。
22.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】She is determined to carry on with her 66.________ (educate)．
She has turned down several 67.________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
【答案】education
【解析】考查名词。前面是形容词性物主代词her，故用名词形式。
【答案】invitations
【解析】考查名词复数。根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知，此处需要填名词，而且invitation是可数名词，前面有several修饰，故用复数形式。
23.【2017·浙江卷6月考】Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56.________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
【答案】carrots
【解析】考查名词。根据a handful of可知，应该有一把小胡萝卜，所以用carrot的复数形式。
24.【2016·全国新课标II】。Then，handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42 (achieve). Recent 46 (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
【答案】achievement
【解析】考查名词。横线前面有介词of，横线上要使用名词achievement作为of的宾语。句意：首先处理重要的事情，那么你会有成就感。
【答案】studies
【解析】考查名词单复数。本句的谓语动词是show，说明主语是复数名词studies。
25.【2016·全国新课标III】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks.
【答案】development
【解析】考查词性转换。the＋名词＋of，意为“……的……”，这里指“筷子的发展”，故填development。
III.短文改错
1.【2019·新课标I卷·短文改错】Suddenly football feel just in front of me but almost hit me.
【答案】Suddenly a football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.
【解析】考查冠词。名词football为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现，故在football前加a；考查连词。句意：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。
2.【2019·新课标III卷·短文改错】Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
【答案】 an→a
【解析】考查冠词。unique为辅音音素发音的单词，用不定词时需用a。故将an改为a。
3.【2019·新课标I卷·短文改错】All the football player on the playground cheered loudly，saying that I had a talent for football.
【答案】player改为players。
【解析】考查名词的数。player（运动员）为可数名词，此时all（所有的）后需要用player的复数形式。故将player改为players。
4. 【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】Since I was a kid，I`ve considered different job I would like to do.
【答案】job改为jobs
【解析】考查名词。本句中的different表示“不同的”，后面的名词job应该使用复数形式，故job改为jobs。
5. 【2019·新课标III卷·短文改错】I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
【答案】city → cities
【解析】考查名词的数。many修饰可数名词的复数。故将city改为cities。
【答案】countryside前加the
【解析】考查冠词。去年寒假，我和父亲去乡下拜访爷爷奶奶。此处特指去的是乡下，故加定冠词the。
6.【2018·全国II】As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.
【答案】把the改为a。
【解析】考查冠词。这里表示“作为一个孩子”，a用在表示泛指的单数名词前，the表示特指。故把the改为a。
8.【2018·全国III】I had done myself homework but I was shy.
【答案】myself改成my，或改为定冠词the
【解析】考查代词错误。句意：我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself，或改为定冠词the也可以。
9.【2018·全国I】Last winter when I went there again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken改成chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
10. 【2018·全国II】When I was little，Friday’s night was our family game night. After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
【答案】考查名词。
【解析】名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示“星期五晚上”，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
【答案】考查名词单复数。
【解析】all表示三者或三者以上，后用名词复数。故把sort改为sorts。
11. 【2018·全国III】The classroom is a place for learning and that include leaning from textbooks，and mistake as well.
【答案】include改成includes
【解析】考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。
【答案】mistake改成mistakes
【答案】考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数mistakes。
12.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】I still remember how hard first day was.
【答案】first前加the或my
【解析】考查冠词或物主代词。“我”依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指开始学驾驶的第一天，所以在first前加上the，也可以加上my。my first day表示“我(学驾驶)的第一天”。故在first前加the或my。
13.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.
【答案】第一个a改为an或one
【解析】考查冠词用法。名词hour虽然是辅音字母开头，但发音为元音，用an或one均可。
14.【2017·全国卷Ⅲ】Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.
【答案】picture前加this/the
【解析】考查限定词。根据语境可知这张照片是上文提到的照片，是特指，故需要用限定词this/the修饰。
15.【2017·全国卷Ⅰ】The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”
我是朵拉 This is Dora.满意请采纳
【答案】word改为words
【解析】考查名词复数。教练一直喊“加速”“减速”“左转”。word表示某人说的话时是可数名词，故将word改为words。
16.【2017·全国卷Ⅱ】Beside，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
【答案】informations改为information
【解析】考查不可数名词。information为不可数名词。
17.【2016·全国新课标I】短文改错（10 分）
My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.
【答案】the →a 考查冠词。
【解析】固定短语：in a short time在短时间内。
18.【2016·全国新课标II】短文改错（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）
But in that case，we will learn little about world.
【答案】about后加the 考查定冠词。
【解析】在英语中定冠词the通常表示特指，本句中the修饰world表示特指这个世界。
19.【2016·全国新课标I】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
问题四：我是某人的粉丝，英语怎么说？ I am a fan of Harry Potter 问题五：粉丝用英语怎么说 fans 问题六：“狂热粉丝”用英文怎么说 如果有人对某个人物或事物很痴迷，就可以称他为stan，这个词是由stalker（追。
【答案】honest→ honesty
【解析】考查名词。此处是指诚实是他成功的秘诀，用名词形式。 而形容词honest意思是“诚实的”，是指人的性格特点。
【答案】 knowledges改为knowledge
【解析】考查名词单复数。本句中名词knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
